Paano Ihambing ang mga Pamamaraan ng Pagsubok ng Viskosidad ng Pampalapot para sa Pagpi-print ng Tela

Technical Guide: Viscosity Testing and Supplier Comparison

Compare textile thickener viscosity by first defining product form, concentration basis, preparation history, temperature, instrument, spindle or rotor, speed, container and reading time. A 1% result cannot be treated as equivalent to a 2% result from an unspecified method. For fixed-method quality control, reproduce the agreed preparation and measuring procedure. For application selection across different grades, also verify that each candidate has been prepared appropriately before comparing finished-print performance; an identical viscosity number is not a requirement for every suitable product.

Same Number
≠
Same Product

For many textile printing thickener solutions and pastes, the reported result is an apparent viscosity under a defined measurement condition. If the concentration, spindle, speed, temperature or preparation method changes, the reading may also change even when the product itself has not changed.

Understanding the Result

What Does a Thickener Viscosity Number Actually Mean?

A viscosity result describes resistance to flow under the conditions used during the test. It does not describe the complete printing performance of the product.

Many CMC, CMS, sodium alginate and printing-paste systems show non-Newtonian behavior. Their apparent viscosity may change when the applied shear condition changes. ASTM D2196 therefore distinguishes between a viscosity value at one rotational speed and broader characterization using multiple speeds, shear thinning and viscosity recovery.^[2]

A shear-thinning paste can show lower apparent viscosity under stronger applied shear. Its response when shear is reduced may include both rate-dependent flow and time-dependent structural recovery; a speed change alone does not establish recovery time. Record the shear, rest and reading sequence when comparing recovery. These properties can affect transfer, definition and spreading, but the complete print still needs an application trial.^[4]

Viscosity is one part of rheology.

Rheology considers how a material flows and deforms under different conditions. A single viscosity number does not fully describe shear thinning, thixotropy, yield behavior or viscosity recovery.

Minimum Comparison Data

Ten Conditions Buyers Should Confirm

A supplier viscosity value is useful only when the associated method is clear enough to reproduce.

Kondisyon ng pagsubok	Bakit ito mahalaga	What the Buyer Should Request
Product form	Powder, flake and liquid products may use different preparation and control methods.	Confirm whether the test is performed on the supplied product or on a prepared solution.
Pagtutok	Polymer-solution viscosity can change substantially with concentration.	Confirm the percentage and whether it is w/w, w/v, dry basis or as-supplied basis.
Temperatura	Viscosity is temperature dependent.	Record the sample temperature, such as 25°C.
Instrument	Different instrument designs and geometries may not generate directly equivalent results.	Record the manufacturer and instrument model.
Spindle or rotor	Spindle geometry influences the applied measurement condition.	Record the exact spindle, rotor or measuring geometry.
Bilisan ng pag-ikot	Non-Newtonian samples may give different apparent viscosity at different RPM.	Record the RPM or defined shear rate.
Container and volume	Container diameter, sample volume and boundary conditions can influence rotational-viscometer readings.	Record the container type and minimum sample volume.
Paraan ng paghahanda	Mixing sequence, agitation, water addition and dispersion affect hydration and air incorporation.	Record mixing time, speed, order of addition and equipment.
Hydration and rest time	Some polymer solutions continue developing viscosity after initial mixing.	Record the defined hydration, resting and deaeration period.
Oras ng pagbabasa	The indicated value may change before the sample reaches a stable or specified test condition.	Record the measurement duration or defined end condition.

AMETEK Brookfield specifically advises using the same instrument, spindle, speed, container, temperature and test time when viscosity data must be compared.

Solution Preparation

Why Concentration Must Be Defined Precisely

A statement such as “viscosity at 1%” is incomplete unless its concentration basis is defined. The following powder-and-water examples use as-supplied powder mass divided by final solution mass, with a final mass of 100 g. They are not automatically moisture-corrected dry-matter or active-polymer concentrations.

Target Concentration	As-supplied powder	Tubig	Total Solution
1% w/w	1.00 g	99.00 g	100.00 g
2% w/w	2.00 g	98.00 g	100.00 g
5% w/w	5.00 g	95.00 g	100.00 g

Do not assume that every “1%” method means 1% w/w.

Some documents use mass per volume, moisture-corrected dry matter or an internal preparation method. For a powder-and-water solution on a specified dry-matter basis, use product mass = target dry-matter mass fraction × final solution mass ÷ measured product dry-matter fraction; water is the final mass minus product mass. State both fractions as decimals, use the agreed moisture/dry-matter method, and account for other recipe inputs separately. Dry matter can include salts and other nonpolymer residue. For liquid products, measured nonvolatile residue likewise does not by itself identify active-polymer content. Record the declared basis before comparing results.

Example Comparison

Why Two Identical Numbers May Not Be Comparable

SUPPLIER A

50,000 mPa·s

1% w/w solution, 25°C, Brookfield RV instrument, Spindle No. 7, 20 RPM, defined hydration and reading time.

SUPPLIER B

50,000 mPa·s

2% solution, NDJ instrument, rotor and speed not stated, temperature and preparation method not stated.

Conclusion: These values should not be treated as equivalent. The numerical result is the same, but the concentration and measurement conditions are not.

The figures above are an illustrative comparison, not a product specification.

Instrument Conditions

Instrument, Spindle, RPM and Container

Instrument Model

“Brookfield viscosity” is not a complete method by itself. The instrument family, torque range and measuring geometry should be identified. An NDJ result should not automatically be treated as equivalent to a Brookfield result.

Spindle or Rotor

The spindle interacts with the sample and defines part of the measuring geometry. Changing the spindle can change the valid measurement range and, for non-Newtonian materials, the reported apparent viscosity.

Rotational Speed

A shear-thinning paste may show a lower apparent viscosity as rotational speed increases. The RPM must therefore be reported with the result.

Container Geometry

Standard spindles are designed for specific container dimensions and sample volumes. Alternative containers may produce repeatable but different results.^[1]

Check the instrument torque or valid operating range.

A reading outside the instrument manufacturer’s recommended range should not be accepted merely because a viscosity number appears on the display.

Sample History

Temperature, Hydration, Mixing and Air Bubbles

For fixed-SOP batch control or a deliberately shared preparation challenge, reproduce the agreed sample history as well as the measuring setup. The checklist below serves that purpose. A separate application comparison may require grade-specific dispersion, hydration or activation; record those differences instead of interpreting an underprepared candidate as inherently unsuitable.

• Use the same water source or defined water quality
• Condition the raw sample before weighing
• Use the same order of product and water addition
• Use the same mixer, speed and mixing time
• Control the total preparation temperature
• Use the hydration and resting period specified by the fixed comparison SOP; verify the preparation endpoint separately for grade-specific application trials
• Avoid or remove trapped air before measuring
• Measure within the same defined time window

Brookfield guidance notes that the sample, container and spindle should be temperature conditioned, and that air should not be trapped around the spindle during immersion.^[1]

Water quality can become a hidden variable.

When a supplier and buyer prepare the same polymer with different water hardness, salt content, pH or temperature, the solutions may not hydrate or behave in exactly the same way. A controlled comparison should use the same water condition wherever possible.

Single-Point vs Multi-Speed

When One Viscosity Reading Is Not Enough

A single-point viscosity result can be useful for routine batch control when the method is fixed. It does not, however, fully describe how a non-Newtonian printing paste behaves at different shear conditions.

ASTM D2196 explains that measurements at two or more rotational speeds provide better characterization of a non-Newtonian material than one speed alone. Increasing- and decreasing-speed measurements can also be used to examine shear thinning, thixotropy and viscosity recovery. ^[2]

Single-Point Test

Useful for routine specification control when concentration, temperature, instrument, spindle, RPM and reading time are fixed.

• Fast for batch comparison
• Easy to include on a COA
• Limited information about shear behavior

Multi-Speed Test

Useful when the buyer needs to understand how the paste responds as the applied shear condition changes.

• Shows apparent viscosity across speeds
• Can indicate shear-thinning behavior
• May help explain differences in screen running

Do not invent a universal RPM sequence.

The chosen speeds must fit the instrument, spindle, product range and purpose of the test. A supplier method should be reproducible, but it does not need to be identical for every product family.

Product-Specific Boundaries

CMC, CMS, Sodium Alginate and Digital Paste Require Different Checks

Daan ng Produkto	Important Preparation Checks	Important Comparison Boundary
CMC	Concentration, degree of substitution, mixing, hydration, solution stability and test temperature.	CMC grades with similar viscosity may differ in purity, substitution level and application behavior.
FSX CMS	Commercial synthetic printing-thickener family; confirm the exact grade, supplied form, dispersion or activation sequence and concentration from current documents.	Do not infer carboxymethyl-starch chemistry or DS from the family name. Compare candidates within the documented printing route, not by viscosity alone.
Sodium Alginate	Stock-paste concentration, hydration, solution smoothness, temperature and defined spindle-speed method.	HV, MV and LV describe selection routes, not universal quality rankings.
Pasta para sa digital na pagpi-print	Powder or liquid form, dilution or dosage basis, pretreatment recipe and as-supplied versus prepared-product testing.	A liquid digital paste result cannot be compared directly with a prepared powder-thickener solution without a defined basis.

For a broader comparison of the four routes, review the CMC, CMS, sodium alginate and digital printing paste selection guide .

Supplier Documentation

How to Read Viscosity Data on a TDS or COA

TDS

A Technical Data Sheet commonly presents a typical or reference viscosity range together with product and application information.

• Check concentration
• Check temperature
• Check instrument and spindle
• Check whether values are typical or guaranteed

Kostong Sining ng Pagmamay-ari

A Certificate of Analysis should relate to a specific batch and report the applicable batch-test result or acceptance status.

• Check batch number
• Check test date where available
• Check method reference
• Confirm that the result belongs to the supplied grade

A viscosity number without a method is incomplete.

Ask the supplier for the missing test conditions before comparing specifications or rejecting a candidate sample.

Application Boundary

What Laboratory Viscosity Can and Cannot Confirm

It Can Help Confirm

• Whether two samples are close under one defined method
• Whether a production batch falls inside a control range
• Whether viscosity development is stable over a defined time
• Whether a controlled dose series is needed to compare the current and candidate products
• Whether further application testing is reasonable

It Cannot Confirm Alone

• Color yield after fixation
• Edge definition and pattern sharpness
• Fabric penetration
• Background cleanliness
• Pagganap na natatanggal sa paghuhugas
• Tela na hawakan
• Digital-print bleeding or fastness

The viscosity test is therefore a screening and quality-control tool, not a substitute for a controlled printing trial.

Buyer Workflow

Six Steps for Comparing Two Thickener Samples

Comparison workflow

1. Collect the Methods

Obtain both TDS documents and identify concentration basis, temperature, instrument, spindle, RPM and preparation method.

2. Choose One Method

Define whether the first comparison is fixed-method QC, a common-condition preparation challenge or an application-selection trial. Choose a shared analytical method only where it suits both samples; a method correlation requires its own validation.

3. Prepare in Parallel

For fixed-method QC, reproduce the agreed water, batch size, equipment and timing. For different-grade application qualification, follow each applicable preparation procedure to its defined dispersion, hydration or activation endpoint; then match final measuring conditions where valid and document preparation time, water and energy differences.

4. Measure Consistently

Use the same instrument setup, container, temperature and defined reading time for both samples where a direct analytical comparison is valid. Record valid torque range, sample conditioning and air-removal conditions.

5. Run the Application Trial

Compare preparation, screen-paste or fabric-pretreatment behavior, color, definition, required wash-off, handle and production stability within the same printing route. Fabric-pretreatment qualification does not approve an ingredient for printhead ink.

6. Confirm the Supply Range

Agree on the grade, test method, specification range, batch documentation and commercial conditions before bulk purchase.

FSX Chemical Support

Sample Matching with a Defined Test Method

FSX Chemical can review available viscosity information for CMC, CMS, sodium alginate and digital printing paste before recommending an initial sample route.

For a more useful review, buyers should provide:

• Current product name and supplier
• Current TDS or batch COA
• Target viscosity and acceptable range
• Concentration and preparation method
• Instrument, spindle and RPM
• Test temperature and reading time
• Printing process and fabric
• Main production issue
• Kasalukuyang dosis
• Expected monthly demand

Send the current sample when the written method is incomplete.

A physical sample, TDS and application information can provide a more practical starting point than a viscosity number copied from a supplier quotation.

Madalas na Tanong ng Bumibili

Madalas Itanong na Mga Tanong

The following answers distinguish measurement comparability from grade suitability.

Can a 1% viscosity result be compared with a 2% result?

Not directly. Concentration affects polymer-solution viscosity. Compare results at the same stated concentration and preparation basis under a suitable common method, or use a documented dose series. A comparison at matched application performance is a separate trial.

Can Brookfield and NDJ viscosity values be compared directly?

Not automatically. Instrument design, rotor or spindle, speed, container and calculation method may differ. Direct comparison requires an internally validated correlation or testing both samples using the same method.

Are cP and mPa·s the same viscosity unit?

They are numerically equivalent for dynamic viscosity: 1 cP equals 1 mPa·s. However, matching units do not make two results comparable when their test methods differ.

Why does viscosity decrease when RPM increases?

Many textile thickener solutions and printing pastes are shear-thinning materials. Their apparent viscosity can decrease as the applied shear condition increases. The behavior should be confirmed using a defined multi-speed method.

How long should a thickener solution hydrate before testing?

There is no single hydration time for every thickener. Reproduce the specified time for fixed-SOP QC, and verify the grade-specific dispersion, hydration or activation endpoint for application qualification. Record the subsequent rest, temperature and reading window; extending one grade’s preparation must not be hidden as a nominally identical test.

Does matching laboratory viscosity prove that two products are equivalent?

No. Matching viscosity is an initial screening result. Product equivalence also depends on paste preparation, rheology, compatibility, color yield, definition, wash-off, handle and production stability.

What should be written on a supplier TDS?

A useful viscosity entry should state the value or range together with concentration, temperature, instrument, spindle or rotor, rotational speed and any important preparation condition.

About This Technical Guide

This guide is intended for textile printing mills, chemical distributors, laboratory personnel and procurement teams comparing thickener specifications, samples and batch data.

FSX Kemikal
Foshan Fushixin Polymer Fiber Co., Ltd.

Technical References

Measurement and Rheology References

These references provide general measurement and rheology context. Product specifications should follow the applicable supplier method, internal quality procedure and customer trial requirements.

1. AMETEK Brookfield. DV1 Viscometer Operating Instructions. Guidance covers spindle and speed selection, container geometry, temperature conditioning and method consistency. View official manual
2. ASTM International. ASTM D2196, Standard Test Methods for Rheological Properties of Non-Newtonian Materials by Rotational Viscometer. View standard record
3. International Organization for Standardization. ISO 3219-1, Rheology — Vocabulary and symbols for rotational and oscillatory rheometry. View ISO record
4. “Rheological properties of printing pastes and their influence on quality-determining parameters in screen printing of cotton with reactive dyes using recycled polysaccharide thickeners.” Carbohydrate Polymers. View research record

Compare Samples Under One Defined Method

Send your current TDS, COA, sample or viscosity test method together with the printing process, fabric and target result. FSX Chemical can review a suitable CMC, CMS, sodium alginate or digital printing paste starting route before bulk purchase.

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